Solution to $ THE MISSING DOLLAR RIDDLE $ or Where IS the other dollar?

T

The Key is to Follow the Money, not the people.

• The girls check in and pay $10 each for a total of $30.
• The manager realizes his mistake and takes $5 back to return to the girls.  This leaves $25.
• He has the bellhop take the $5 to the girls.
• The bellhop is not so trustworthy and keeps $2 returning only $3 to the girls.

This is where the deception occurs.

• You now buy into the lie that the girls have only paid $9 each which adds up to $27 plus the $2 the bellhop kept makes only $29.
• The truth is, following the money, that the Motel still has $25, the girls have $3, and the bellhop has $2, which all adds up to the original $30.

I sounds so good and you begin to BELIEVE the perpetrator's logic.  The flaw is in switching sides of the equation during the presentation.  They move from the motel's perspective to the perspective of the girls in mid-stream and it seems to make sense, but it doesn't.

This is a classic: "figures don't lie, but liars figure!"

~klock

$ THE MISSING DOLLAR RIDDLE $

Three friends check into a motel for the night and the clerk tells them the bill is $30, payable in advance.  

So, they each pay the clerk $10 and go to their room.  A few minutes later, the clerk realizes he has made an error and overcharged the trio by $5.  He asks the bellhop to return $5 to the 3 friends who had just checked in.  

The bellhop sees this as an opportunity to make $2 as he reasons that the three friends would have a tough time dividing $5 evenly among them; so he decides to tell them that the clerk made a mistake of only $3, giving a dollar back to each of the friends.  He pockets the leftover $2 and goes home for the day!  

Now, each of the three friends gets a dollar back, thus they each paid $9 for the room which is a total of $27 for the night.  

We know the bellhop pocketed $2 and adding that to the $27, you get $29, not $30 which was originally spent.  

Where did the other dollar go????

Stay tuned for the solution.....

~klock

Cats in 'chutes

As scientists we observe and try to explain, or we predict based on what we believe to be true.  Usually we do not get to see the results of our prediction or if we do it may be clouded with political agenda.  Well one of my most favorite stories in science cuts through all the waiting, all the politics, and comes as close to “proving” a concept as I know of. 

The main part of the story starts in the 1950’s on an island in the South Pacific called Borneo.  The natives there lived in huts with thatched roofs.  That means the roof of their house was made of dried vegetation like straw, reeds, rushes, and so on.  Of course they didn’t have doors or windows that closed tight so mosquitoes and other bugs and creepy-crawly things came in and out of their homes quite easily.

One advantage to living on an island is that it is easy to see the ecosystem pretty completely right before your eyes.  For example, there was a moth that laid its eggs on the thatch of the roof.  When the caterpillars hatched, they would eat the vegetation that made up the thatch.  This sounds like a bad thing, but there was also a wasp that laid its eggs IN the caterpillar, yes, inside the caterpillar.  When the eggs hatched and started to grow they killed the caterpillar.  This is the way nature works to keep things in balance.  Not all the caterpillars lived so they didn’t eat up the people’s houses.

A little plug for nature:  all this balance among the plants and animals went on for a long, long time before man came along to “take charge.”   But I digress…

Malaria is caused by a parasite that enters your body and begins to take over certain functions that you need to stay healthy—rather like a terrorist who invades your country and makes new rules.  The typical way that this malarial organism enters your body is through the bite of a mosquito.  The mosquito bites someone who has malaria, sucks up some of their blood which has the parasite in it.  When the mosquito bites you, the first thing it does is to “spit” some saliva into you to keep your blood from clotting while the mosquito sucks your blood out.  When it puts this anti-coagulant in, it also introduces that parasite it got from the other guy.

Well for some reason around 1950 more and more of the people of Borneo began to get malaria.  The World Health Organization (WHO), just two years old at the time, decided to step in and fix the problem.

Back in 1873, some scientists had put 14 carbon atoms together with 9 hydrogen atoms and 5 chlorine atoms in a very special way.  This new molecule looked like this

 and was called 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane.  Okay, that was too hard so they called it Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.  By 1939, other scientists had discovered that it would kill insects—really kill them, really well!  By this time they knew that news people and marketing people would have to say the word so they just called it DDT.

DDT had become so popular in killing insects that it was used far and wide during World War II.  In fact, trucks used to drive down the beaches in the evening spraying this miracle chemical onto beach goers and in the air to keep mosquitoes away.  And it worked really well!

So, the WHO decided to spray the entire island of Borneo with DDT.  It was cheap, effective, and they would be heroes.

It worked.  Malaria cases dropped to almost zero.  HOWEVER…a while later the people of Borneo noticed their houses falling apart, and there were fewer cats, and more rats—a lot more rats, and people were getting bubonic plague spread by the fleas on the rats.

DDT works in an interesting way.  Rather than being broken down into smaller molecules and being eliminated from the body of something that it comes in contact with, DDT makes itself at home in cells of the organism.  When a larger organism eats several smaller organisms, it gets the doses of each of the organisms it ate added together.  When something higher up the chain eats it ingests the sum of all that organism ate and so on.  For example, a robin might eat many grasshoppers and a hawk might eat several robins and so on.  This is called biomagnification.

It seems that the wasp that laid its eggs in the caterpillars was killed by DDT, so the caterpillar population exploded and ate the people’s houses.  The roaches and other crawly insects were slowed or killed by the DDT and so the geckos caught and ate many more of them and the cats ate the geckos.  By this time there was enough DDT accumulation to kill the cats.  The rats flourished and the people got sick.

Now the amazing conclusion and punch line to this whole story.  What did the WHO do to solve the problem?

Illustration by Louise E. Klock

YES, drop cats in by parachute to control the rat population.  Eventually the effects of DDT began to wear off enough that the people could rebuild their huts, the cats lived and killed the rats, the people got better, and somebody at WHO got fired.

It would appear that the DDT was first consumed in small amounts by the insects and accumulated in sufficient quantity ultimately to kill mammals.  This supports the concept of biomagnification or the concentration of this poison as it moves up the food chain.  We thus have a real live experiment under ideal conditions culminating in the obvious conclusion that it is concentrated in tissues of living organisms.

In 1962, Rachel Carson wrote a book called The Silent Spring.  It is a book about a time when springtime comes but no birds come back because they have all died.  DDT keeps bird eggs from being solid enough for the birds to sit on them.  No baby birds, no singing in the spring—hence, the “silent” spring.  President John F. Kennedy read the book and began the work that led to the banning of DDT for use in the US in 1972. 

Take home message:  Rachel Carson planted the first seeds of the environmental movement in 1962 with publication of The Silent Spring.

Also, the cats were in crates which broke open when they hit the ground and released the cats…no, they did not each have their own parachute.

--klock

A Real Live Unicorn?

This picture has been making the rounds of the internet for a couple of years now.  It was provided by the Center of Natural Sciences in Prato, Italy, Wednesday, June 11, 2008, and shows a deer with a single horn in the center of its head. The one-year-old roe deer - nicknamed 'Unicorn' - was born in captivity in the research center's park in the Tuscan town of Prato, near Florence, Gilberto Tozzi, director of the Center of Natural Sciences, said. Since his twin has two horns, it is easy to explain what happened here.

Don't expect to find herds of unicorns spawned by this little buck when he matures.  His offspring, if he is allowed to mate, will very likely be normal and have two horns.  This is what is called a mosaic mutation.  It is like the case of someone being born with one blue eye and one brown eye or a blond streak in an otherwise dark head of hair.

There are a whole lot of genes in our makeup that are read-only.  There aren’t really any options or variants.  These genes make up about 97% of our entire genome and are the ones that make us human—you know, two arms, two legs, head on top, feet, hands, two eyes, stomach in the middle, those kinds of things.  They are the genes that make the little roe deer a roe deer instead of human or white-tailed deer or elephant or puppy.  Those are hard-wired in and don’t regularly change.  That goes for the two horns or antlers on the head genes.  

When we see a change in expression of a trait that is part of the make-up of an organism, it is usually a mosaic mutation.  A mutation that will not be passed along to the next generation, a mutation that comes about AFTER the egg is fertilized and is a result of some environmental factor during the development of the embryo/fetus.  This includes such things as birth defects caused by heavy smoking or drinking or drug use on the part of the mother.  It also includes drinking polluted water or breathing polluted air or being subject to such things as radiation while the embryo is developing.

A mosaic mutation may also occur when some external force comes to bear on the development of the embryo.  The genetic blueprint calls for two horns, one on each side of the top of the head of the deer.  Early in the development of the embryo, while the decisions are being guided by the enzymes and proteins made by the DNA a force—perhaps a physical force inside the womb causes one of the horns not to develop.  This happens quite frequently; however, what doesn’t happen so frequently is that the force also pushes the budding horn over toward the middle of the head so the single horn grows right out of the middle of the front of the skull.  In that case, you get this guy named, Unicorn.

His genes told the developing cells to produce two horns, but something prevented it.  The genes he will pass on to the next generation will have instructions for two horns, one on each side just like “normal.”

Earlier I said, “If he is allowed to mate.”  I said that because nature is pretty set on keeping things as is.  The females may choose not mate with a male who is so different.  Cruel?  Maybe from the “Bambi” point of view, humanizing the deer that is, it might seem cruel, but nature is rather unforgiving.  Adapt or die.  Predators take out the sick and the weak, the odd are not allowed to mate.  This keeps the species strong.

--klock

Why C - P - R works

Why CPR/Rescue Breathing Works

Many of us are trained to do CPR and use mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing to resuscitate someone who has stopped breathing.  At first it seems to make sense, because the objective is to oxygenate the brain and vital organs by supplying air to the lungs while pumping the blood around.  Wait a minute; you are supplying air that has already been depleted of oxygen because you have already breathed it in before giving it to the victim.

Ambient air contains approximately 20.5% oxygen.  The average human being only takes part of that oxygen from each breath.  Actually our exhaled breath contains approximately 16% oxygen—coincidentally, or not, the stated minimum atmospheric concentration required to sustain life.  This subject is not as simple as putting air in a tire, depending on condition of the lungs, partial-pressure factors and the like; however, generally speaking, our exhaled breath is capable of supplying enough oxygen to maintain brain function and that of other vital organs.

As an enrichment exercise so you can impress your friends and families, maybe win a few dollars on a bet, I offer the following explanation of WHY we need oxygen at all.

Basically producers (plants) capture the sun’s energy and trap it in the form of glucose.  Whether it is converted to starch by the plants, eaten by cattle and turned into fat or protein, or into another form of sugar such as fructose, our bodies must break it down to glucose again (digestion) before that solar energy can once again be released in our bodies to do “stuff.”

When the carbohydrate (glucose—made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) is broken down, the carbon and the oxygen are released as carbon dioxide (what you exhale) the hydrogen  is running around with this electron—whining and crying like a …well whining and crying.  Enter captain oxygen (what you inhaled) to save the day.  “I’ll take that electron and you and I can form water,” says the oxygen (yes, the one you inhaled).  It takes a lot for the hydrogen to hang on to that electron, not so much for oxygen. 

What happens to that extra energy when hydrogen lets go of the electron?   That is what your body uses to do stuff!

What if you don’t have enough oxygen, can you say “lactic acid,” how about “sore muscles.”

Rainbows

There is something magical about a Rainbow.  

I have never known of anyone taking a rainbow for granted.  People comment on their size, brilliance, whether they saw a double or not.  "...did you see the rainbow at the kids' soccer game last week?  or the one over the left field fence?  or on the way to work this morning?"

There have probably been as many pictures taken of rainbows as of any other single event.  So what IS a rainbow and why is it so fascinating?  Sometimes you see one and call home to tell everyone about it, but they can't see it?  How can that be?  You are watching a rainbow and it begins to fade and soon it is gone.  Are there lessons to be learned from rainbows?

Before we get into the physics of why they occur, let's see what else we can learn about rainbows.  In the Bible we read that the rainbow is the token of the covenant God made with man that never again would the Earth be destroyed by flood (Genesis 9: 9-17).  God said in Genesis 9:

     13 I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between
     me and the earth.   14 And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the 
     earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud.

Was that the beginning of rainbows?  In Genesis 2, just before God made man He said:
 

       5 ...for the Lord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there 

       was not a ^dman to till the ^eground.

      6 But there went up a ^amist from the earth, and watered the whole face of  

      the ground. 

 

A mist, and God had not caused it to rain.  There is some debate over this, of course, but it sounds like heavy clouds covered the Earth and the sun was hidden from view.  When the rain stopped and the sun came out, there was the rainbow.

Just because we understand HOW something works, doesn't negate that it is miraculous.  Ice floats because it expands when it freezes and is less dense than liquid water, the entire Earth depends on that fact.  It is still miraculous--I mean, can man MAKE something as miraculous as water?  I thought not!

 

So here is how rainbows "work."  Rainbows in clouds occur only when the sun is behind your back and is at approximately a 42 degree angle.  Yes, I am saying that you never see a rainbow in the East in the morning hours or in the West in the evening or at noon at all.  Because the Earth gets in the way, you never see a full circle (except under extreme circumstances), nor can you drive through one or find the end of a rainbow.

That should have your attention.  Here is your chance.  Let the arguments begin.  My email address is listed and I do expect to hear from you.

 

Rainbows in the cloud result when white light from the Sun is split apart (diffracted) into the various components by droplets of water.  As the light passes into the droplet, it is split into RedOrangeYellowGreenBlueIndigoViolet (ROY G BIV).  These colors are reflected off the back of the droplet and back to your eye forming a semicircular display which we call a rainbow.  WOW!  All that just from about a million or two droplets of water.

 

 

So the light comes from behind you, reflects off droplets in front of you and you see the rainbow.  If you draw a line from the Sun through the back your head, you find the "antisolar" point or the center of the arc.

Pretty cool huh?  In case you have been so caught up in the fact that you are understanding the physics of light and have missed the most important point of all, let me point out that each rainbow is in the eye of the beholder.  Yes, a camera can capture the refracted light rays, but there is not actually any tangible bow that you can touch with your hands.  It is for you to see and enjoy then, for that moment, and remember...

~klock

Calico Cats

By definition calico cats are tri-colored with white, black, and orange.  Here is a picture of Sally Cowan's little girl, Twinkle doing her best "chomp chomp, Go Gators!" cheer. (Photo credit to Sally Cowan, http://www.felinefoto.com/)

Twinkle is black and orange and white and a girl...the perfect combination for a calico cat.  Why are they all girls (almost)?  Can there be boy calicoes?  

First let me answer the second question, there can be but it is an unusual set of circumstances and if you are ever in a betting situation, put your money on the cat being female!  To have a male calico would require the fusion of two fertile eggs (zygotes), not identical twins,  and the development of only one viable kitten.  Could?  Yes, but VERY unlikely.

Now the interesting part.  The gene for white fur is carried on some chromosome other than the X or Y.  The Y chromosome, just as in humans, carries only a few genes and these are for boy things--in humans, for example, the gene for big tires, hogging the remote, and loud trucks are all located on the Y chromosome (kidding).

The X chromosome is not really just the female chromosome.  It carries genes for certain female traits, but also genes for other traits just like any other chromosome.  The gene for pattern-baldness, for example, is carried on the X chromosome.  Well in cats the gene for black fur and for orange fur are located in exactly the same place on the X chromosome.  (That means they are alleles of the same gene.)  Obviously one X chromosome can only have either a black or an orange gene (allele).

Here is the tricky part.  In all females that have the two X system of sex determination, one of the X chromosomes is inactivated in each cell.  Yes, it can be a different X chromosome that is inactivated in any given cell.  (The inactive X chromosome is called a Barr Body.)  So you have a cat that is heterozygous for black and orange--one X chromosome has a black gene, one has an orange gene.  In the skin cells where the "orange" X is inactivated, the fur is black.  In skin cells where the "black" X is inactivated, the fur is orange.  Throughout the cat there are patches of orange and black and filled in with white here and there!  And, with two X chromosomes it is female.  VIOLA, female calico.

Had Twinkle been a boy, his name would probably not have been Twinkle and he would have had only one
X chromosome.  What color would he have been?  Right!  He would have been black and white or orange and white.

Isn't that the coolest thing you ever heard of?

Watch for another post soon about why Siamese, Persians, and Himalayans often have color points on ears, nose, feet and tail.

~klock 

Persians, Himalayans, and Siamese--Cats with cool markings

You know how cats like Cocoa Puff have really cool markings?  Just their ears and faces and paws and tails have dark coloring and the rest of their fur is light colored.  Cocoa Puff is called a "Seal Point" Persian.  His markings are very dark brown, almost black.

As handsome as Cocoa Puff is, I particularly like the "Flame Point" with reddish markings like Tuffy, who looks very comfortable sleeping in the bookcase.





Well I don't want to burst any bubbles here, but these pointed cats would have a hard time making it in the wild.  They don't camouflage well at all unless it is in a boutique somewhere--which is exactly where they would like to be.  Their eyes lack the ability to magnify low light the way nocturnal-hunting cats should.


That "hunting" thing is just gross.  Tiki is demonstrating the proper environment for a Persian (notice he is black and white--see yesterday's post).

Now for the reason that the pointed cats have such cool markings.  It is because they are marked in places that are cool--no, literally, cooler than other places on their bodies.


These guys (and girls) have a form of albinism.  The gene that is supposed to tell their bodies to develop color can't spell correctly.  It is supposed to tell the skin cells to produce the enzyme tyrosinase which produces melanin--pigment.  Instead it misspells the name of the enzyme, the enzyme is "weak" and is easily destroyed by the slightest amount of heat--even the body heat from the cat itself is enough to stop its action.

What happens, then, is that on parts of the body that are cooler--ears, paws, tail, and face (because of the sinuses), the enzyme works to produce color and where it is warmer, they are somewhat less colored.

So, because of our preference for these beautiful animals, we have sentenced them to lives of pampered luxury.  Oh well, a price I suppose that is worth it.

(All photos by Sally Cowan at http://www.felinefoto.com/ )

~klock